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Tribologie

Toepassing

Aanbevolen oliezuiverheid volgens ISO 4406

Aanbevolen filterfijnheid

Systemen met zeer vuilgevoelige componenten en zeer hoge beschikbaarheid. Vullen van servo-installaties

≤ 15/13/10

1 µm

Systemen met vuilgevoelige componenten en hoge beschikbaarheid. Servoventieltechniek

≤ 17/14/11

3 µm

Systemen met proportionele ventielen en drukken > 160 bar

≤ 18/15/12

6 µm

Vane-pompen, plunjerpompen, plunjermotoren

≤ 18/16/13

10 µm

Moderne industriële hydraulica, schuifventielen, drukventielen

≤ 20/17/13

10 µm

Industriële hydraulica met grote toleranties en lagere vuilgevoeligheid

≤ 21/18/14

20 µm

Oliezuiverheid en filterfijnheid

De tabel toont aanbevolen oliezuiverheid en filterfijnheid voor verschillende types hydraulische systemen, afhankelijk van hun gevoeligheid voor vervuiling en de vereiste beschikbaarheid.

Speling van hydraulische componenten (uittreksel uit Cetop RP 92 H)

In deze tabel wordt de aanbevolen speling (de ruimte tussen bewegende delen) voor verschillende hydraulische componenten weergegeven. De speling is van invloed op de prestaties van het systeem, zoals de efficiëntie, levensduur en de mate van vervuiling die het systeem kan verdragen. Voor iedere type component wordt aangegeven wat de toegestane speling is om optimale werking en minimale slijtage te garanderen.

Component

Onderdeel

Speling (µm)

Tandwielpomp

Tandwielpomp

0,5–5

Tandwielpomp

Zijplaat

0,5–5

Tandwielhuis

–

–

Vane-pomp

Vleugelpunt

0,5–5

Vane-pomp

Vleugelzijden

5–13

Plunjerpomp

Plunjerboring

5–40

Plunjerpomp

Kleppenplaat–cilinder

1,5–10

Servoventiel

Regelplunjer

18–63

Servoventiel

Stootplaat

2,5–8

Regelventiel

Regelplunjer

2,5–23

Regelventiel

Kegelventiel

13–40

ISO Code

NAS Class

23/21/18

12

22/20/18

—

22/20/17

11

22/20/16

—

21/19/16

10

20/18/15

9

19/17/14

8

18/16/13

7

17/15/12

6

16/14/11

5

15/13/10

4

12/14/09

3

11/13/08

2

10/12/08

1

10/12/07

1

10/12/06

—

ISO 4406 <- -> NAS 1638

Hoewel beide normen van toepassing zijn op industriële systemen, worden de ISO 4406 zuiverheidscriteria vaker gebruikt. Aangezien NAS en ISO verschillende telmethoden hanteren, is het niet mogelijk om een exacte conversie tussen deze twee normen te maken. Daarom zijn alleen benaderende vergelijkingen tussen NAS en ISO mogelijk.

Wear metals and contaminants

Deze tabel geeft een overzicht van de veelvoorkomende materialen die bijdragen aan de slijtage van verschillende hydraulische, motorische en transmissiecomponenten. Het beschrijft de rol van specifieke elementen (zoals siliconen, ijzer, koper, aluminium) in de slijtageprocessen van diverse machines en systemen. Elk element wordt geassocieerd met bepaalde componenten die het meest gevoelig zijn voor slijtage en de oorsprong van verontreinigingen. De lijst laat zien hoe deze materialen, zowel als legeringselementen als contaminanten, invloed kunnen hebben op de werking en levensduur van de componenten in verschillende toepassingen zoals verbrandingsmotoren, turbine- en transmissiesystemen, hydraulische systemen, en compressoren.

SILICON Silicon is typically associated with dirt contamination. This contamination can result from any condition that allows dirt to enter a component oil system. Other sources of silicon include seals, oil and coolant additives and greases.
IRON alloying element or cast metal Reciprocating engine: Gears and shafts; block; cylinder liners; valve train; connecting rods, rings and oil pump; some bearings; some pistons; some accessory systems.
Turbine engine: Gears and shafts; bearings; pumps; housings.
Transmission: Gears and shafts; bearings; brakes and disks; pumps and shift spools; PTO; housing.
Torque converter: Shafts; bearings; some housings.
Differential: Shafts and gears; bearings; housing.
Transaxle/final drive/reduction gearbox: Gears and shafts; bearings; housing.
Hydraulic: Rotors, vanes, pistons, and rods; housing and bores; gears and shafts; valves.
Reciprocating and rotary compressors: Gears and shafts; case; valves; cylinder liners; crossheads; rings and screws or turbines; bearings; some oil-cooler tubing.
COPPER alloying element Reciprocating engine: Bearings; wrist pin and valve-train bushings; other bushings and thrust washers; oil-cooler tubing. Also may be present as an oil additive or a crossover contaminant from a leaking transmission seal.
Turbine engine: Some main and accessory bearing retainers; bushings and nuts; some oil-control valves.
Transmission: Discs; bearings; bushings and thrust washers; oil-cooler tubing.
Torque converter: Retainers and separators.
Differential: Bearings; bushings, retainers, and thrust washers.
Final drive/reduction gearbox: Bearings; bushings, retainers, and thrust washers; oil-cooler tubing.
Transaxle/final drive/reduction gearbox: Gears and shafts; bearings; housing.
Hydraulic: Bearings and bushings; swash plate cups; valves; some pistons; some pump cylinders; oil-cooler tubing.
Reciprocating and rotary compressors: Bearings; bushings, thrust washers and retainers; oil-cooler tubing.
ALUMINUM alloying element or cast metal All components: Aluminum oxides present in the environment, typically associated with silicon (dirt) contamination.
Reciprocating engine: Pistons; bearings; bushings; blocks, main and accessory cases and housings; some oil-cooler tubing.
Turbine engine: Main and accessory case, housings; some retainers; seals; baffles.
Transmission: Some cases; bushings and retainers.
Torque converter: Impellers.
Final drive/reduction gearbox: Bearings; bushings, retainers, and thrust washers; oil-cooler tubing.
Differential: Bushings and thrust washers.
Final drive/reduction gearbox: Bushings and thrust washers.
Hydraulic: Some pump housings.
Reciprocating and rotary compressors: Case; impellers, some pistons and crossheads; retainers.
CHROMIUM alloying element or plating Reciprocating engines: Liners and rings; shafts; valve train.
Turbine engine: Bearings; shafts and gears; seals.
Geared components (general): Bearings; shafts; seals.
Hydraulic: Rods; valves.
Reciprocating and rotary compressors: Liners and rings; shafts; valve train.
LEAD & TIN bushings or flashing Reciprocating engines: Bearings; some pistons, bushings and thrust washers.
Final drive/reduction gearbox: Bearings; shafts; seals.
Hydraulic: Pump thrust plate; bushings.
Reciprocating and rotary compressors: Bearings; bushings.
– Lead may still be found (rarely) in industrial paints and primers.
– Tin may be present as an oil additive, usually in conjunction with lubricants containing molybdenum compounds.
NICKEL alloying element or plating Reciprocating engines: Gears and shafts; valve train; bearings.
Turbine engine: Gears and shafts; bearings.
Geared components (general): Gears and shafts; bearings.
Hydraulic: Gears and shafts, bearings.
SILVER plating; tracer General: Some bearings and bushings; oil cooler solder; seals.

Silver is also occasionally used as a physical “tracer” to indicate that wear has progressed to a certain point. In this application, silver is either plated directly onto a part surface or incorporated into a layer under the surface. The wear condition of the part can then be related to the amount of the tracer deposited in the oil. This usage is most often found in aerospace applications.
MOLYBDENUM alloy or flashing General: Typically found only in certain aerospace and heavy-duty commercial or industrial steels. May also be present in fuels as heavy crude residual material.
MAGNESIUM alloying element General: Cases and housings.
TITANIUM alloying element General: Some shafts, bearings, and gears. Typically found only in certain aerospace and heavy-duty commercial or industrial steels.
ANTIMONY alloying element General: Certain types of journal-bearing overlays.
ZINC alloying element General: Brass fittings (with copper); galvanized surfaces.
VANADIUM alloying element General: Typically found only in certain aerospace and heavy-duty commercial or industrial steels. May also be present in fuels as heavy crude residual material.
MOLYBDENUM (Mo) General: Extreme pressure additive or solid lubricant in specialty oils and greases; corrosion inhibitor in some conventional coolants or supplemental additives.
MAGNESIUM (Mg) General: Detergent, dispersant, alkalinity increaser.
SODIUM  General: Corrosion inhibitor in oils and coolants.
BORON (B) General: Detergent, dispersant; anti-oxidant in oils and coolants.
BARIUM (Ba) General: Corrosion and rust inhibitors; detergent; anti-smoke additive in fuels.
PHOSPHORUS (P) General: Anti-wear; combustion chamber deposit reducer; corrosion inhibitor in coolants.
POTASSIUM  General: Corrosion inhibitor; trace element in fuels; also found as a mineral salt in sea water (marine cooling systems).
CALCIUM (Ca) General: Detergent, dispersant, alkalinity increaser.
ZINC (Zn) General: Anti-wear, anti-oxidant, corrosion inhibitor.

Additives

Deze tabel geeft een overzicht van verschillende olieadditieven en hun algemene toepassingen. Elk additief heeft specifieke eigenschappen die bijdragen aan de verbetering van de prestaties van olie, smeermiddelen of koelvloeistoffen. De vermelde functies omvatten bescherming tegen slijtage, corrosie en roest, alsmede reiniging en verdeling van onzuiverheden, en het verbeteren van de algehele stabiliteit van de olie. De additieven spelen een cruciale rol in de verlenging van de levensduur van systemen en het optimaliseren van de werking van machines.